During this period, the total harvest varied between 12,399 and 308,689 kg/year. In 1974, the temporary control structure on Chenal des Quatre Fourches was severely damaged by flooding. The watershed from Whitecourt northeast to the PeaceAthabasca Delta and the southern shore of Lake Athabasca is mainly Boreal Mixedwood. Sask. Parks Wild. Unpubl. Native Aff. It is likely, however, to be abundant in Lake Athabasca as well, since many lake whitefish and cisco in the lake are infected by T. crassus cysts. Oil Sands Envir. The river enters Lake Athabasca through a system of channels that cut through the Athabasca Delta: the Embarras River, Fletcher Channel, Goose Island Channel and Big Point Channel (FIGURE 2). For the most part, the drainage basin is sparsely populated. The mean annual inflow to Lake Athabasca and the delta system is estimated to be 45,900 x 106 m3 of water (TABLE 1). by Atm. Alberta Recreation, Parks and Wildlife. Prep. Envir., Alta. Ltd. and Alta. The average total catch from 1985/86 to 1987/88 was 377,108 kg/year. 1989). Verh. Oil Sands Envir. Rawson, D.S. The southern shore has great beaches and sand dunes that are derived from the Athabasca basin. Govt. Monit. In March 1980, conductivity values in the outlet ranged from about 110 µS/cm at the surface to 233 µS/cm near the bottom, whereas in March 1988 near the provincial border, specific conductivity throughout the water column was more uniform, ranging from 93 µS/cm at the surface to 81 µS/cm at the bottom. This results in reversed flows in Rivière des Rochers, Revillon Coupé and Chenal des Quatre Fourches. n.d. Ecological reserves. South of this area, throughout the Saskatchewan side of the drainage basin, the land is covered by Boreal Forest composed of jack pine and black spruce interspersed with many barren patches (Natl. 1981). This is particularly evident at the delta site, where the water is well-buffered and turbid and the concentrations of most ions are much higher than at the other three sites. It is a vast wilderness area where active sand dunes are constantly changing the landscape and stable dunes lie under a cover of grasses. 72:69-85. The available habitat for fall staging, however, would decrease from the amount present under natural conditions because the weirs cause autumn water levels to decline more slowly (PADIC 1987). AOSERP Rep. 60, Edmonton. Wild. The lake is part of the Peace-Athabasca Delta, a biologically diverse wetland the size of Prince Edward Island, which is an important migration point for various bird species such as the whistling swan, the whopping crane, various geese and ducks… Prep. 1981. Peter Fidler, a surveyor for the Hudson’s Bay Comany also gave the name to Fidler Point, on the lake’s North shore. Muskrats thrive in the deeper perched basins provided these basins are refilled by floods every four or five years (Can. Mackenzie River Basin Committee (MRBC). The contents of this online version has not been altered or modified from the original 1990 publication. Res. From the north, an improved road extends from the town of Fort Smith, located just north of the border of Alberta and the Northwest Territories, to the locality of Peace Point, situated on the Peace River north of Lake Claire. Rep. No. Alfa. 1981). The world record lake trout was caught here in 1961, with a weight of 46.3 kg. Envir. Saskatchewan Parks, Recreation and Culture. Resour., Resour. In order to allow movement of boats past the weir on Rivière des Rochers, a tramway was built in 1976 and upgraded in 1986. The area includes Richardson Lake, which is at present a bird sanctuary. In the Peace-Athabasca Delta, Cumulic Regosols are the main soil group, and in the area south of the delta and along the southern shore of Lake Athabasca the soils are mostly Humo-ferric Podzols. Lake Athabasca is the 9th largest lake in North America with an unbelievable amount of in flowing rivers and streams. However, the area soon changed its profile, when in 1953 highly concentrated Uranium was discovered. National Atlas of Canada, The. Root. Bd. is out of date. Strong, W.L. and P.M. Holmgren. Parks n.d.). The Peace-Athabasca Delta region is the part of Lake Athabasca that is most important to wildlife. In The Peace-Athabasca Delta Project, technical appendices, Vol. During winter, the water column was well oxygenated at these sites. Directorate, Can. The southwest tip of the lake is situated about 210 km north of the city of Fort McMurray. Assess. Ottawa; Queen's Printer, Edmonton; Queen's Printer, Regina. Even though the last mine was closed in 1980, the northern shore was heavily contaminated by mining activities, and the effects can still be felt today. In combination with the low chlorophyll a concentration (1.1 µg/L) recorded on both dates, these data indicate that the main part of the lake is quite unproductive, possibly oligotrophic. Alfa. 1985. on Wilderness Areas and Ecol. Limnol. Over the period of record, the lake level has fluctuated 5.53 m, from a maximum elevation of 211.33 m, recorded in July 1935, to a minimum elevation of 205.80 m, recorded in February 1970. 1988. The surveyor Philip Tumor and his assistant, Peter Fidler, visited the lake in 1791 and named the lake Athapiscow on Tumor's 1794 map (McCormack 1988). with Univ. Can., Alta., Sask. In 1971, about 10,000 of the 14,000 bison in Wood Buffalo National Park fed in the delta year-round (PADPG 1972). Atlas of Alberta. Alberta Forestry, Lands and Wildlife. In July 1987 and August 1988, the water column was thermally stratified at the two sampling stations in the main part of the lake (FIGURE 5). Along the Peace River, where less frequent flooding of perched basins since the Bennett Dam was built has not been influenced by the weirs, a long-term decline in the muskrat population is expected (PADIC 1987). Resour. From 1967/68 to 1973/74 the catch fell slightly, to 300,639 kg/year (54% of the total catch). Reserves, Edmonton. The eastern section of the lake narrows to a width of about 1 km (.6 miles) near the community of Fond du Lac located on the northern shore then continues to its most easterly point at the mouth of the Fond du Lac River. n.d.; Sask. West. From 1951/52 to 1959/60 the harvest was 12,748 kg/year (2% of the total catch), but from 1960/61 to 1973/74, it increased to 65,730 kg/year (10% of the total catch). Wild. Museum Alta. Other important bird species that inhabit the region include Sandhill Crane, Ring-billed Gull, Common Tern, Greater Yellowlegs, Wilson's Phalarope, Franklin's Gull, Eared Grebe, Western Grebe, Long-billed Marsh Wren, Yellow-headed Blackbird, Osprey, Bald Eagle and Peregrine Falcon (Can. After development of the delta fishery, the harvest increased. Ottawa; Queen's Printer, Edmonton; Queen's Printer, Regina. Supply Serv. Beaver, Chipewyan and Cree Indians have inhabited the Athabasca region for the past 2,000 years or more. The delta is a vital stopover for Whooping Cranes, Whistling Swans, Snow, White-fronted, Ross's and Canada geese and a variety of ducks during spring and fall migration. Can. Div. This river drains Wollaston Lake, Saskatchewan and a large area of Precambrian Shield in the eastern part of the drainage basin (FIGURE 1). In 1971, the governments of Canada, Alberta and Saskatchewan established the Peace-Athabasca Delta Project Group to evaluate methods of raising water levels in Lake Athabasca and the delta lakes (PADPG 1973). A simulation model predicted that long-term production after the weirs were built would approximate production under natural conditions. Samples were also taken at the west end of the lake near Fort Chipewyan and offshore of the Peace-Athabasca Delta during the open-water season in 1987. Over 2000 place names of Alberta. Final report and Appendix A: Hydrological assessment. As well, flow reversals can occur between Lake Athabasca and the delta lakes. After the explorers and fur traders, missionaries were among the next white people to arrive at the fort. The lake is shallowest on the Alberta side, where the maximum depth is 16 m. The shallow depths and gradual slope of the lake bottom at the western end probably result from sedimentation of the Athabasca River inflow. Water Surv. From 1926 to 1943, most commercial fishing took place on the Saskatchewan portion of the lake. 1981). In 1798, Fort Chipewyan was moved to the north shore to a location about 2 km from its present site. by PADPG for Govt. Assess. The topography of the delta is quite flat, so minor changes in water levels can cause either extensive flooding or drought (PADIC 1987): In the mid-1960s, the Government of British Columbia created Williston Lake by constructing the W.A.C. and 1.D. Air transport and the opening of the Mackenzie Highway in the 1950s brought competition for cargo transport. 1985; Ducks Unltd. Three of them are operated by the Alberta Forest Service. McCormack, P.A. The zooplankton and benthic fauna of the delta were investigated by researchers from the University of Alberta in 1971 (Gallup et al. 6, Edmonton. In 1966/67, the lake trout quota was reduced to prevent overexploitation and the average total catch from that year until 1973/74 was 562,114 kg/year. The marsh habitat of the Peace-Athabasca Delta was studied by the Canadian Wildlife Service in the late 1960s to examine the effects of regulation of the Peace River by the Bennett Dam on the flooding cycle, plants and animals of the delta (PADPG 1972; 1973). In 1987, the Cree band signed an agreement with the federal and Alberta governments that will establish a Cree reserve (McCormack 1988). 1974; Noton 1989). The portion of the delta lying outside Wood Buffalo National Park, with the exception of the Chipewyan Indian Reserves, was proposed as a Wildlife Habitat Management Area by Ducks Unlimited (Canada) and Fish and Wildlife Division in 1986 (Ducks Unltd. Can., Ottawa. Lake Athabasca is Canada's eighth largest lake. ), sedges (Carex spp. The average catch from 1985/86 to 1987/88 was 153,600 kg/year (41% of the total catch). Canadian lakes. In the early 1960s, a lake trout reported to weigh 47.6 kg was taken in a commercial net in Lake Athabasca (Larkin 1964). Nat. This influx of travellers led to the establishment of a North West Mounted Police Post at the fort in 1898 (McCormack 1988). Lake Athabasca's second largest water source is the Fond du Lac River, which provides approximately 21 % of the total inflow to the lake and delta region (Neil) et al. Lake Athabasca is Canada's eighth largest lake. -----.1947[b]. Atlas Can. The eastern section of the lake narrows to a width of about 1 km (.6 miles) near the community of Fond du Lac located on the northern shore then continues to its most easterly point at the mouth of the Fond du Lac River. -----. 1972. Prov. 1947[a]. The area surrounding Hinton and Edson is part of the Boreal Foothills, where trembling aspen, balsam polar and lodgepole pine are the main trees and secondary succession is by white and black spruce. Br., Edmonton. Lake whitefish from the Alberta side of Lake Athabasca are infested with cysts of the tapeworm Triaenophorus crassus. -----. Diacyclops bicuspidatus thomasi, which is the intermediate host for the tapeworm Triaenophorus crassus, was only locally abundant in the delta. The lake covers 7,850 km2 (3,030 sq mi), is 283 km (176 mi) long, has a maximum width of 50 km (31 mi), and a maximum depth of 124 m (407 ft), and holds 204 km3 (49 cu mi) of water, making it the largest and deepest lake in both Alberta and Saskatchewan, and the eighth largest in Canada.

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