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Growing number of higher educational institute in India

Growing number of higher educational institute in India

Higher education has a significant role in the development of a country. Higher education and overall development have the reciprocal growth within them. Higher education is known as a focal point of knowledge and its application, an institution which makes a great contribution to the economic growth and development through fostering innovation and increasing higher skills.

Higher the number of higher educational institutes represent the sustainable economic growth in the country apart from knowledge, skills and increasing number of employable professionals.

India is a knowledge centre for higher education since the beginning. In the starting era, the Indian education system was revolving around ‘Gurukul system’, which was a residential educational system. Nalanda and Takshila were the two first places where modern style universities established around 6 BC.

In the starting of 1600 AD, European rulers brought major changes in the traditional higher education system. Several renowned universities have taken place in India during colonial age. The figure below shows growth in a number of universities during the 20th century after Independence.

Source: (1947-48 to 2000-01). University Grants Commission
*Universities from 1947-48 to 2000-01 includes Central, State, Private and Deemed-to-be Universities as also institutions of national importance established both by the Central and State Legislatures.

At the time of Independence, India has 20 universities and 496 colleges, which have grown subsequently to 266 universities and 11146 colleges at the end to the 20th century.  Up to the year 2017, there were more than 40 thousand colleges and 864 universities, which was highest in Indian educational history. In next year (2017-18), the number of colleges has reduced to 39 thousand due to deletion of unauthorized collages but the number of universities has increased again to 903 as per the AISHE report 2017-18.

Source: AISHE report 2017-18
*Number of colleges have reduced in the year 2017-18 due to deletion of all such colleges that have not registered even after getting the AISHE code.

 

Universities in India has further classification according to their accreditation status. As per the AISHE report, 2017-18, at present state public university (40%) has the maximum contribution followed by state private university (30%).  The share of Central Universities is limited to 5 per cent only.

Source: AISHE report 2017-18

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Cyber-crime cases registered in India from 2013 to 2015

Cyber-Crime cases registered in India from 2013 to 2015

Cyber-crime achieving new heights every year in India. India has the third highest number of internet users in the world after USA and China. Register number of cyber-crime cases have increased more than 100 % from the year 2013 to 2015. Collectively, 11592 cyber-crime cases registered in the year 2015. However, a sizable number of cyber-crimes are not be registered in the absence of knowledge.

Source: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology

The figure below shows the percentage of cyber-crime cases registered in India. Altogether, 11592 cyber-crime cases registered during the year 2015. Majority of cyber-crime cases registered in Uttar Pradesh (19%) and Maharashtra (19%). Maharashtra has the highest number of internet subscribers in the country, as per the government of India at end of March 2016.

Source: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology

Karnataka and Rajasthan registered 12 and 8 per cent of cyber-crime cases respectively. In West Bengal, Odisha and Kerala there were three per cent cases registered in each state. Puducherry, Lakshadweep, D&N Haveli, Nagaland, Sikkim, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh and Goa were the state where no or a negligible number of cyber-crime cases registered in India during the year 2015.

 

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Change in life expectancy rate in India from 1990 to 2016

Change in life expectancy rate in India from 1990 to 2016

Life expectancy is the simplest way to understand the overall health outcome in a country. Increasing longevity shows the control over the longevity affecting factors such as disease or epidemic, it is the indicator of improved health facilities too. In 1990, the average life expectancy at birth in India was 59 years (male; 58.3 years and female; 59.7 years) which subsequently increase to 68.6  years in 2016, where male life expectancy was 66.9 years and 70.3 years for female.

Source: India: Health of the Nation’s States

However, a significant increase of 9.6 years have observed in the life expectancy of the country from 1990 to 2016, but life expectancy varied widely between the states of India. In 2016, the range was from 66.8 years in Uttar Pradesh to 78.7 years in Kerala for females and 63.6 years in Assam to 73.8 years in Kerala for males.

Source: India: Health of the Nation’s States

Figure above shows including Kerala, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Delhi there are 12 states in which average life expectancy at birth was above 70 years in 2016. Kerala being an outperformer state since the beginning, the rate of life expectancy at Kerala was above 70 years even in 1990, where male life expectancy rate was 67.6 year and 74.5 years in female.

The average life expectancy of Uttar Pradesh and Odisha was lowest in 1990, Uttar Pradesh (65.7 years) even today unable to perform well and it is trilling in below levels with Assam (65.2 years) in life expectancy table.

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Status of forest cover in Delhi district, India

Status of Forest Cover in Delhi-2017

Forest has paramount importance in the lives of living beings; its significance dabbles in cities. Therefore, it is essential to have a close look over the forest cover of the city. Delhi being a capital city needs to set examples for other cities in every aspect.

The total geographical area of Delhi city is 1483 sq.km and it has forest cover over of 192.41 sq.km as per India State of Forest Report-2017, which is almost 13 per cent.

Source: India State of Forest Report-2017

District wise distribution of forest cover reveals the clear picture of the city. South Delhi has 83.35-sq.km forest cover, which is maximum among all districts. North-West Delhi is the largest district of Delhi; it has only 17.55-sq.km forest cover.

 

Source: India State of Forest Report-2017

New Delhi district (46.89%) has the maximum per cent of forest cover followed by South Delhi (33.34%). North-West Delhi (3.99%) has the least per cent of forest cover among all districts. It is an urgent need to increase forest cover in entire districts except for South and New Delhi respectively.

Keeping the issue in the mind Delhi government has initiated a massive drive of tree plantation. In September 2018, the Delhi government has planted about five lakhs trees in the city. Nearly one lakh students and residents participated in the campaign at 600 locations across the city to fight air pollution.

 

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Employability status in the country

Employability Status in the Country

The skill gap is one of the prominent reason behind the high rate of unemployment in India. Skills and Employability have the strong positive correlation. In recent past years, India has shown remarkable interest for skills development program to increase the employability of individuals. 

Source: India Skills Report 2018
Disclaimer: Employability Score here does not include Participation from IITs IIMs NITs and other premier institutes of the country

Overall employability in the country has risen from 40.44% to 45.60% over last year. As per the India Skills Report 2018, 45.60% of students are employable or are ready to take-up jobs. The data given in the report shows that in the last five years employability rate has gone up from 34% to more than 45%, which shows more availability of employable resources to the economy.

Global agencies have identified unemployment as a challenge. As per the estimation of International Labour Organization (ILO), presently 75 million young people are unemployed worldwide. The present scenario not only represent a large number of untapped talent but also shows a social unrest and individual despair.

 

The image below shows the Top 10 highest employability states as per the India Skills Report 2018.

 

Image source: India Skills Report 2018

 

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Road accident happened during 2011 to 2015 in Delhi

Safety on roads is the priority of any commuter in the city, despite many road safety programmes, every day several accidents happen on the roads. The status of road accidents in Delhi happened between year 2011 to 2015 given in the figure below. It shows that on an average 22 accidents happened every day in the city, in the year 2015, in which 4 to 5 people died every day.

 

Source: www.data.gov.in

However, the trend line of the person killed in an accident shows a steady decline in numbers. In 2011, there were 2065 people killed in road accidents, which came down to 1682 in the year 2015. Altogether, 9044 people lost their lives in the road accidents from 2011 to 2015. A maximum number of accidents and people injured in the year 2014, on an average, every hour an accident happened in this year.

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Facebook: A giant of social networking sites

We are more connected and updated over the social networking with our family and friend. The virtual world is full of social networking sites and we are feeding these websites every day with our daily information. Facebook is one of the top social networking site in the world with 2234 million active users until the second quarter of 2018.

Sources: Sources: We Are Social; Kepios; SimilarWeb; TechCrunch; Apptopia; Fortune

Facebook launched in the year 2004, now it is a 14 years old social networking platform. In all these years, it has gained 2234 million users. In the recent decade (2010 to July 2018), Facebook has added 1626 million fresh users. A large number of users made it the top website among the all social networking sites.

 

Source: Facebook

 

Facebook has the responsibility to protect the personalized information of users and keeping the credibility of the platform. A large number of available information on this website attract hackers to breach the information.
At the end of September 2018, Facebook engineers discovered a breach in the website. Around 50 million Facebook user’s account compromised by the attack that gave accesses to hackers to take over user’s account.

 

Source: Facebook

Annual growth of Facebook users depicted in the above figure, it shows that on an average Facebook adding more than 200 million users every year.  In the years 2013-14, Facebook was the low performer in term of adding new users. However, in the last two years (2016-17) it performed quite well in adding new users.

 

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Pattern of using NOTA button in 2014’s general election

In the year 2013, the Supreme Court (SC) has given the power to reject the entire contesting candidates in the election process by selecting “None of the Above (NOTA)”. Before this, it was not in practice; elector has to select one of the contesting candidates to exercise their voting right. The power of the NOTA button was widely used in 2014, general electing of India.  Figure mention below depicts the pattern of using NOTA option during the general election of 2014 in different states of India.

Source: Election Commission of India

The electors of Puducherry (2.47%) and Meghalaya (1.92%) were the leading in pressing NOTA option during the election. Gujarat and Tamil Nadu were the large population states where NOTA option reported more than 1 per cent. There were around 18 large and small population states where NOTA button exercised between 0.5 to 1 per cent.  However, the percentage of electors opting NOTA button was significantly less but picture changed when it comes in numbers. Altogether, 55.40 lakhs voters were not convinced with any of the contestant, contested in their constituency during last general election (2014).

 

Number of voters exercised NOTA button iGeneral Election of India 2014

State Total Number of Electors TOTAL Number of Nota voted Total % of NOTA
Andaman & Nicobar Islands 269360 1564 0.58%
Andhra Pradesh 64934138 340554 0.52%
Arunachal Pradesh 759344 6321 0.83%
Assam 18837713 147057 0.78%
Bihar 63800160 580964 0.91%
Chandigarh 615214 3106 0.50%
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 196597 2962 1.51%
Daman & Diu 111827 1316 1.18%
Goa 1060777 10103 0.95%
Gujarat 40603104 454885 1.12%
Haryana 16097233 34220 0.21%
Himachal Pradesh 4810071 29155 0.61%
Jammu & Kashmir 7183129 31550 0.44%
Jharkhand 20349796 190927 0.94%
Karnataka 46209813 257881 0.56%
Kerala 24326650 210563 0.87%
Lakshadweep 49922 123 0.25%
Madhya Pradesh 48121301 391837 0.81%
Maharashtra 80798823 433171 0.54%
Manipur 1774369 7504 0.42%
Meghalaya 1567241 30145 1.92%
Mizoram 702170 6495 0.92%
Nagaland 1182972 2696 0.23%
NCT OF Delhi 12711164 39690 0.31%
Puducherry 901357 22268 2.47%
Punjab 19608161 58754 0.30%
Rajasthan 42994657 327911 0.76%
Sikkim 370770 4332 1.17%
Tamil Nadu 55114867 581782 1.06%
Tripura 2388822 23783 1.00%
Uttar Pradesh 138810557 592331 0.43%
Uttarakhand 7127057 48043 0.67%
West Bengal 62833113 571294 0.91%

Source: Election Commission of India

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Speed of Business Decision Making

The most important concern for organizations today is the poor speed of decision making. Forrester Consulting and Jama Software highlight the impact in their research – “One-third of all products are delivered late or incomplete due to an inability or delay in decision-making”. Gartner attributes ‘poor speed of decision making’ as the primary obstacle hindering internal communications

These small delays, though seemly inconsequential, when compounded over a period and consisting of thousands of decisions, lead to slow and painful death of the entity – accelerated in the current disruptive marketplace that has become a reality. Forrester estimates that 48 minutes are wasted waiting on decisions for every hour that the product team spends working on the product. So in a typical 8 hour workday, wait time account for 3.5 hours. Can any entity really afford this? If we avoid delivering products late to market, think of the possibilities for savings and new opportunities that we can capitalize on.

The traditional approach of reviewing internal processes, conducting root cause analysis (RCA), identifying gaps in knowledge or competency and suggesting a definite course of action, has met with limited success. Challenge is to get people to collaborate which is related to linking strategies with execution, goals to actions.

Franklin Covey, a global leader in effectiveness training, commissioned Harris Interactive to study organizational goals and priorities by polling 11,045 adult US workers. The results were starling and plausible reasons for slow decision making. Only 44% of the workers said they clearly understood their organizations most important goals, 19% had clearly defined roles and only 9% believed that their work had a strong link to their organizations top priorities. There is a definite lack of emotional connect wherein only 19% felt a strong level of commitment to their organization’s top priorities. Also the workers don’t stay on track. Only 49% of their time is spent on activities directly linked to their organization’s key priorities while 32% is spent on urgent but less important tasks and balance 19% on petty politics and bureaucracy. Just 12% of the respondents reported monthly review of individual performance with their manager. There is a definite lack of trust and willingness to collaborate. Just 31% expressed themselves honestly and candidly at work, while a high 66% accepted that they fail to collaborate for a “win-win” atmosphere. 51% felt collective lack of focus and execution on truly important goals. (source Business Wire)

Some companies embraced purposeful collaboration using technology to streamline decision-making. They implemented advanced collaboration technologies to create review processes that work in parallel with one another, resulting in reduced waiting time. Unique opportunities for making several decisions simultaneously arose when people were brought into process earlier than the cycle. The technical solution (construct) replicated social networking design, enabling communication in real time, to manage complexity. A central repository of everything related to the product (service) facilitated faster and better decisions. Encouraging active discussions between individuals working on related parts of the product (service) led to deeper insights. It became possible to identify instances of duplicate work or other (related) teams working on something similar, creating opportunities for implementing templates for core design elements. An individual was no longer required to make decisions in isolation but encouraged to seek expert advice where required.

On the people side, it involves sharing the big picture (vision), good understanding of organization’s top goals and priorities, encouraging more problem solving where employees take initiative to seek information rather than passively sitting back waiting to be assigned their next task, and making decisions in parallel. The traditional way of linear decision becomes irrelevant in today’s dynamic environment. It creates apathetic teams inept at coping with current times where decision making needs to be trans-formative not just effective.

This is only possible when there is clarity in organizational strategy, goals and how it’s going to be executed – the role that individuals are going to play in making that a reality. Closely tied is a need to foster an environment of trust and collaboration, where one is aware of her own self and the ability to work in teams.

It is imperative that people and technology come together to produce winning solutions.