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5 ways to manage your ‘Online Reputation’

In this day and age, ‘Online Reputation’ is essential because it gives you control over your presence online. We all have a reputation that precedes our identity, but we do have the option to be in- charge of our reputation online. It gives us an edge to discredit any misleading information and showcase achievements and accomplishments. Thus, allowing us to put our best foot forward.

Online data is readily available for everyone to see, and people give their judgment based on the data we share online. From potential employers to colleagues and landlords, everyone can see those little traces of digital spill that we leave behind. If one is not conscious enough, it might be a problem in the longer run.

How can you fix your online reputation and clean up those digital errors? And how can you maintain a healthy and positive digital profile? Don’t worry! Just follow these simple steps:

Research yourself online

The first way to make a difference is to Google yourself.

  • See what is already out there about you. Clear your browsing history and put your name in different search engines and see for the results that come up you could also try altered permutations and combinations like nicknames, initials and various variations of your name.
  • Type other things about you as well, like the school or the college that you have attended. The company that you have worked for. The place that you have visited. Websites of previous employers that you have worked for.
  • Make sure that you are looking for images, photos and videos.
  • Don’t forget to check out the personal pages or blogs as well to see if they have mentioned you anywhere and explore the pages of your friends as well. See if you pop up in those windows. If you have made a business website make sure that you understand the comments and reviews. Make use of constructive criticism.

Assess your  digital information

Take into account all the online information you have gathered and ask yourself the hard questions. Do you want others to see it? There will be a time when you see things you would not like.

  • Ask yourself. Is it accurate? Is it positive? Does it reflect the image I want to give? If the answer is yes, leave it as is, and if no, move on to the next step.
  • Would it be ok for anyone else like my wife, husband, children, or boss to see it?
  • Is there something that needs to be edited or omitted?
  • Is my personal and professional life too intermingled? If so, should I create different spaces for my personal and professional life? How public or private do I want my profiles to be?
  • Take the necessary measures.

Observe everything

Be careful of your online activities that might affect your digital profile and hamper your growth. Think of the long term effects one post will have and always think about what would benefit your online reputation and don’t do anything that might damage anyone else’s reputation. Remember you are here not to tarnish others, but to make yourself shine.

  •  Before you say anything, think about its long-term consequences. You may be happy to share that post now, but what about in a few years? What kind of image does that picture give out, and how would people see it? What will your wife or your employer think? Is it prone to misinterpretation?
  • Don’t post when you are feeling too emotional. You would end up regretting it. Don’t engage in online arguments. Don’t make any inflammatory or scandalous comments and do not post when you’re drunk.
  • Regularly monitor your digital profile, check what information has been added about you. You can also use Google’s Me on the web It will tell you about information such as your name or Email address when anything is posted online or when you are tagged in a photo.
  • Now and then re-evaluate your decisions on social media. See to things like, the social network pages you like, people and Groups you follow, and newsletters that you are subscribed to. Friendship often changes, so be mindful about who has access to your information. Remove people if necessary.

Think about your privacy.

Keep your personal information private, and please make sure that you are asking for permission before sharing personal details like photos or other information about the people around you.

  • Another critical thing to consider is to keep your password and username only to yourself.
  • See to it that the app that you are downloading, what information is it gathering about you? Will it sell it to a third party? Make sure that you never leave your bank details on an unverified website.
  • Discuss with your family and friends about what they would like to share. Make sure that you keep in mind their privacy too. Respect their wishes as well and make sure that you’re not over-sharing. Over – Sharing is not caring.
  • Make sure that you are not sharing too much about your professional life online. You might end up giving confidential information online and don’t be negative about your employer or your colleague or the workplace online. It might lead back to you, and the result could be catastrophic.

Mend things if possible

Retrace your digital steps and take action so that you can restore your online image, the sooner you can take care of it, the better it will be.

  • Delete your old accounts like Orkut, Yahoo and My space that might not be in use.
  • Hide or Delete embarrassing or controversial images. Make sure you remove everything controversial.
  • If you cannot delete the content that has been posted by another person ask them politely if they can take it down. If you can’t get the contact of a person who has posted is take the help of the administrator of the site
  • Suppose you see that it is necessary to use a professional service to clean up your image. Do it! It is just a click away. There are a lot of professionals who can help you take care of the pressing matter.

Reinforce Positivity

An excellent online image is created by putting your best foot forward. Find all the negative things about you, remove them and start to fill your content with positivity.

  • Create positive content, start your blog or website and write regularly about things that you know well, or are passionate about. Spice it up with attractive images and contemporary input. Ask for feedback from your loyal audience.
  • Keep up with the current affairs so you can think constructively. Make an educated guess about what’s going on in the world.
  • Promote all the good things that you do, like charity work or helping the local community
  • Last but not least, build a professional profile on networking sites such as LinkedIn. Ask people who know you professionally to write recommendations. Write recommendations for your contacts and keep commenting on the posts to keep your profile up to date. Add in new accomplishments.
  • You could also consider buying a domain name and use it to write a biography of yourself and articles that might be of interest, but make sure that you’re not sharing anything too personal.

Keep up the Good Work!

Now that you have had a professional online makeover. Make sure that you harness the fruits that come from all the toiling. Leverage your online reputation to climb up the ladder.

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Tribal Health in India

Tribal Health in India

by Dr. Sunil Kumar

Tribal population is an important segment of India’s population living in different parts of the country. One-third of the world’s tribal and indigenous population, which is, more than 104 million tribal population live in India (Census 2011). Perhaps, they are the only native inhabitants of in the country.

There are 705 different tribes, which constitute 8.6 per cent of the total country’s population. Odisha has the largest number of notified Scheduled Tribe (62), followed by Karnataka (50) Maharashtra (42) and Madhya Pradesh has the 4th place with 43 notified tribes.

Figure1
Source: Report of the High-Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India 2014

As far as concentration of ST population is concerned, Madhya Pradesh has 14.7 per cent (over 153 lakh) of total ST population, which is the largest concentration of ST population in terms of numbers in any Indian state,  followed by Maharashtra (over 10 million), Odisha and Rajasthan (over 9 million each).

Figure 2
Source: Report of the High-Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India 2014

The concentration of tribal population mainly located in different regions in the country. Predominantly, it was highly concentrated in North-Eastern region apart from the numbers, Mizoram has 94.43 per cent tribal population in the state, followed by Nagaland (86.47%), Meghalaya (86.14%) and Arunachal Pradesh with 68.78 per cent tribal population.

Figure 3
Source: Report of the High-Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India 2014

However, Lakshadweep was leading in tally with 94.80 per cent tribal population but its actual representation is less than 65 thousand in numbers, whereas Mizoram’s tribal population was more than 10 lakhs.

Tribal Health

Tribal people in India commonly called as Adivasi, the term Adivasi made up from two words Adi (from the beginning) and Vasi (inhabitant), derives from the Hindi, which means a set of people or group living from the beginning. There are few other terms as Vanavasi (“forest dwellers) or Girijan (“hill people”), by which tribal people identified.

The above terms to tribal population given on the bases of their primitive existence and geographic location of inhabitation. Forest and hilly region are the favourite place for the tribal population; they largely associate with forest ecosystem and try to fulfil their need and requirement within the same. Out of total tribal population (104.30 lakhs), only 10.03 per cent living in urban area, an overselling majority of the tribal population (89.97%) still living in the rural and remote periphery, as per Census, 2011.

In many ways, the tribal population in India struggling with many development indicators. Altogether, 40.6 per cent ST population lived below the poverty line as against 20.5 per of the non-tribal population in the county, by and large poverty is main obstacle to get quality health services, accessibility to health services are second. Tribal population largely filed to manage at both the fronts.

 

Health Indicator among tribal population

Largely, statistics on the health conditions of different tribal communities are not available, whatever the data available evidencing the health status of Scheduled Tribes is available at the aggregate level.

IIPS conducted a study, in which they estimated the life expectancy of the tribal and non-tribal population in India, shows ST population in India has 63.9 years, as against 67 years life expectancy for the general population. The Rapid Survey on Children 2013-14 reveals that more than 30 per cent ST women get married before they turn 18. It is much noticeable that near about 50 per cent adolescent ST girl (between 15 to 19 years) are underweight and high prevalence anaemia cause to death for 17 to 46 per cent of maternal cases deaths. According to NSSO 2014, 27 per cent of tribal women still delivers at home, which is the highest among all population group.

Figure 4
Source: Tribal Health in India-2018

Figure 4 shows, 40 per cent illness happen to tribal population due to some or other type of infection, followed by respiratory diseases (18 %), Non-communicable and Musculoskeletal diseases (10 % each). Mental illness and neurological disorder (5%) also increased significantly in the tribal population.

Malaria usually transmitted the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito and it is a life-threatening disease. The 20 per cent of country’s population living in tribal, hill, hard-to-reach or inaccessible areas, constitute almost 80 per cent of malaria case. India accounts for 8 per cent of the tribal population and contributes to 30 per cent of malaria cases.

Animals Attacks

As, it is already discussed in the inception of tribal health that they are inherently habitant of the forest ecosystem, where chances to conflict with the animals are always higher. India has highest snakebite mortality in the world, which is between 45 to 50 thousand annually or about 125 people per day.

 

Health infrastructure

In India, there are 0.7 physicians per thousand people and a majority of the Indian need to travel about 20 km to access the services of the hospital. As per the Ministry of Health, there are around 6 to 6.5 lakh medical practitioners available in India, which need to be double by 2020 to maintain the required ratio of one doctor per thousand population.

Figure 5
Source: Rural Health Statistics 2017 as analysed by NHSRC
*Shortfall means ‘required’

Figure 5, shows that there is a shortfall of 6646 sub-centres in tribal areas across the country.   More than 12 hundred PHCs need to establish and at least 300 other CHCs will be helpful to cater the need tribal population in India.

Figure 6
Source: Rural Health Statistics 2017 as analysed by NHSRC
*Shortfall means ‘required’

As far as a shortfall of human resources is concerned, figure 6 shows that there were 85 per cent specialists lacking at CHCs in tribal areas until the year 2007, which is not decreased much (82.30%) in 2017. The need for specialists at CHCs almost similar across India during the year 2017. There was a need of 50 per cent Staff Nurses at PHCs and CHCs in 2007 in tribal areas, which subsequently reduced to 27.90 per cent. In the corresponding category, they need 20.20 per cent of staff nurses in all India in 2017.

 

As per the Report: Tribal Health India-2018, following ten burdens of tribal health in India

  1. Communicable diseases, Maternal and child health problems and malnutrition continue to prevail
  2. Non-communicable diseases including mental stress and addiction are rapidly increasing
  3. Injuries due to accidents, snake and animal bites and violence in conflict situations
  4. Difficult natural conditions arising due to geographic terrain, distances and harsh environments
  5. Worse social-economic determinants, especially in education, income, housing, connectively, water and sanitation
  6. Poor quality and inappropriate health care service with low access and coverage, low output and outcomes
  7. Severe constraints in health human resources at all levels; the professionals from outside are unwilling to serve in tribal areas, and the local potential human resources are not trained and utilized by the health system.
  8. The legitimate and needed financial share for tribal health not allocated or used in most of the states. There is a lack of transparent accounting of the actual expenditure of tribal health.
  9. Lack of data, monitoring and evaluation that masks the above-mentioned problems.
  10. Political disempowerment of tribal people from the individual to the national level that exacerbates these problems. There is little inclusion of tribal people in the planning, priority setting and in execution.
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CSR funds and social development in India

CSR funds and social development in India

The roots of Corporate Social Responsibly (CSR) are much deeper than the inception of section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013, which known as Corporate Social Responsibility Policy. This act governed to certain companies, which qualify to such conditions as mentioned under Sub-Section 1 of Section 135 to comply mandatory Corporate Social Responsibility to solve India’s complex issues of development.

The term ‘CSR’ can also be understood as a corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company’s effects on the environment and the impact on social welfare. CSR should not be seen as a charity or mere donations, it is also a way of conducting business by which an organization understand and evolved its relationship with stakeholders for the common good, and demonstrate its commitment by adopting appropriate business process and strategies.

CSR applicable for the companies, whose;

  • Net worth of INR 500 crore or more

Or

  • Turnover of INR 1000 crore or more

Or

  • Net Profit of INR 5 crore or more during any financial year

As per the data available on the website (https://csr.gov.in/CSR/) designed to disseminate Corporate Social Responsibility related data and information filed by the companies registered with it, shows that rupees 13465 crores spent during the year 2016-17 on different developmental projects under CSR head. This amount was less 901 crore which spent under same head last year 2015-16.

Figure 1
Source: https://csr.gov.in/CSR

As far as register companies with the website are concerned, figure 2 shows that more than 21 thousand companies were registered with portal during the year 2015-16 which subsequently declined to around 20 thousand companies in next financial year.

Figure 2
Source: https://csr.gov.in/CSR

Out of total register companies (19933) to the portal, only 12 per cent (2347) companies are listed and available of trade on the stock exchange. There are a majority of companies still unlisted to stoke exchange and contributing to CSR funds.

Figure 3
Source: https://csr.gov.in/CSR

Figure 3 shows, more than 21 thousand CSR projects were running in different states and UTs in India under 29 different development section during the year 2016-17. Despite decreasing spent CSR and registered companies, the number of running CSR project regularly increasing every financial year. This clearly shows, the projects are unentrapped in the development sector and have significant liquidity in the sector.

The finance minister of India, Mr Arun Jaitley himself announced recently that CSR funds worth rupees 8,314 crores remained unspent over three financial years.

Figure 4
Sources: https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-funds-worth-rs-8314-cr-remained-unspent-over-three-financial-years/1417941/

He disclosed that in 2014-15, the prescribed CSR amount was Rs 15,251.32 crore but Rs 5,185.39 crore remained unspent. In 2015-16, the figure was Rs 15,256.20 crore whereas Rs 889.91 crore was not spent, the data showed. In 2016-17, the prescribed amount was Rs 15,705 crore, while Rs 2,238.78 crore remained unspent.

Top CSR contributors of India

India has a vast network of companies that are working in different domains nationally and internationally. It is also important to analyze CSR contribution company wise figure 5 shows that Reliance industries were on the top for CSR contribution with 649.26 crores followed by Oil and natural gas corporation (504.91 cr.) and TCS.

Figure 5
Source: https://csr.gov.in/CSR

Details of spent CSR amount (development sector wise) for 2016-17 given in figure 6, which shows that 38 per cent of national CSR amount spent for education, differently abled and livelihoods programs. Second highest development sectors are health, eradication hunger, poverty and malnutrition where 25 per cent of CSR amount spent to run the different development programs. There were 11 per cent amount specifically spent on rural development programs. However, Clean Ganga fund is showing zero per cent in respect to the total amount, but rupees 24 crores were spent for this initiative during the year 2016-17.

Figure 6
Source: https://csr.gov.in/CSR

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Only altruistic surrogacy legal in India

Only altruistic surrogacy legal in India

Growing instances of infertility among couples encouraging them to explore other options (medical and non-medical) to have a child. One out of every six couples is dealing with the issue of infertility due to various reasons as per the Indian Society of Assisted Reproduction. In India, approximately 27.5 million couples are suffering from infertility who are trying to conceive.

Increasing instances of infertility rate and medical advancement paved the way to surrogate mothers or surrogacy. The word ‘surrogate’ means ‘substitute’, surrogate-mother described as an arrangement where a woman (the surrogate mother) agrees to become pregnant and bear a child for another person or persons (the commissioning parents) to whom the custody of the child will transfer directly after birth.

Surrogacy flourished as a multi-million-dollar industry in India attracted couples dealing with infertility across the word, the absence of defined surrogacy law and cheap medical treatments helped this industry to flourish most in India.

A study conducted by Centre for Social Research entitled ‘Surrogate Motherhood Ethical or Commercial’ says that majority of surrogate mothers were working as house-maids or domestic helper and earring rupees 1000 to 3000 per month, living in a nuclear family in a rented house. These statistics clearly indicate that poverty and low earning capacity are the driving factors for women to commercial surrogacy.

In many views, surrogacy is similar to baby selling and that a law comparable to the one prohibiting the sale of human organs should apply to the sale of childbearing.  The unregulated surrogacy explored many dark sides of surrogacy and it is another form of slavery.

Keeping the consequence and possible threats of commercial surrogacy in mind, which potently harmed the rights of poor women and forced them for surrogacy, a surrogacy (Regulation) Bill proposed in 2016 and passed in 2018.

 

Salient points of surrogacy (Regulation) bill 2016

  • As per the passed bill, only Indian couples, who have been married for at least 5 years can opt for surrogacy, provided at least one of them have been proven to have fertility-related issues.
  • Only close relatives, not necessarily related by blood, will be able to offer altruistic surrogacy to the eligible couples.
  • A woman can become a surrogate mother only for the altruistic purpose and under no circumstances, she will be paid for it, although payment can be made towards medical expenses.
  • Commercial surrogacy, abandoning the surrogate child, exploitation of surrogate mother, selling/import of human embryo have all been categorised as violations that are punishable by a jail term of at least 10 years and a fine of up to Rs 10 lakh.
  • Surrogacy clinics will be allowed to charge for the services rendered in the course of surrogacy, but the surrogate mother cannot be paid.
  • The new Bill has put a complete ban on commercial surrogacy.
  • It also bans unmarried people, live-in couples and homosexuals from opting for altruistic surrogacy. Now, foreigners, even Overseas Indians, cannot commission surrogacy.
  • Surrogacy regulation board will be set-up at both Central and State-level.
  • The law will be applicable to the whole of India, except for the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
  • All Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) clinics will need to be registered.
  • The surrogate child will have the same rights of as that of a biological child.
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Status of disabled persons in India

Status of disabled persons in India

Since 1992, 3 December know as International Day of Persons with Disabilities (IDPD) around the world. As per world report on disability (WRD) 2011, more than 100 crore persons have some form of disability in the world, which translate to about 15 per cent of the world’s population.

Disability status in India

In India, about 2.68 crore persons are disabled which is 2.21 per cent of the total Indian population as per Census of India, 2011. Out of total disable persons 1.50 (56%) crore are males and 1.18 (44%) crore are females. State wise share of disabled persons illustrated in the figure below.

Sources: Disabled Persons in India- A statistical profile 2016
Figure 1

The above figure clearly indicating that Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of disabled persons (16.50% of the total disabled in the Country) followed by Maharashtra (11.05%). States like Gujrat, Tamil Nadu, Odisha and Karnataka disable percentage ranging between 4 to 5 per cent.

 

Disability among children

Sources: Disabled Persons in India- A statistical profile 2016
Figure 2

Above figure 2 shows the disability share (%) among children (0-6 years), it shows that Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra and West Bengal together contribute more than 50% of the disabled children (0-6 years) in the county.  All top 10 states listed above constitute more than 80 per cent share of disabled children in India.

Working status of disable persons

Out of total disable persons 36.34 per cent disables are working in India, figure 3 shows the state wise working status of disabled persons. Nearly 50% of the disabled population reported as ‘workers’ in the states of Nagaland and Sikkim, which is the highest among all states. Whereas, states like Lakshadweep, Kerala and Delhi ranked at bottom respectively. The state with a highest disabled population (Uttar Pradesh) engaging only 34.79 per cent of the disabled population of the state, which is below to national percentage.

Sources: Disabled Persons in India- A statistical profile 2016
Figure 3

Literacy status

Figure 4 shows the literacy status of disable persons in India, it shows that Kerala and Goa have the highest literacy rate among the disabled persons (70%) and another side Arunachal Pradesh (38.75%) and Rajasthan (40.16%) reported with lowest literacy rate.

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Status of households in Delhi

Status of households in Delhi

A housing unit is an essential dream of any family, after food and clothing, it is the most desired thing for humans. Rapid urbanization already ignited the process of migration; people are attracted towards the urban centres in the search for better employment opportunities, education and health service.

Natural growth and migration from different states to Delhi, changing the demography of both the places, which leads the shortage of housing in urban centres. Delhi is the most densely populated state in India, on average 11,320 people (2011) living in a square kilometre area.

As per the Census of India- 2011, 1.68 crores, people are living in more than 33 lakh households in Delhi. Out of which 98 per cent households were, urban and only 2 per cent was rural.

Figure 1
Sources: Census of India 2011

Figure 1 shows that the majority of households in rural areas owned by the dwellers, only 16 per cent of household dwellers were living in a rented house. Household ownership picture significantly changes in urban areas where 68 per cent of households owned by dwellers and 28 per cent living in a rented house.

Figure 2
Sources: Census of India 2011

Not many differences observed in the number of dwelling rooms in the urban and rural area of Delhi. Figure 2 shows that around 60 % of Delhi’s families were living in one or two rooms houses.  Less than 10 per cent people manage to afford five or more rooms to live in Delhi. Around a per cent households unable to afford even a single room in both the periphery.

Figure 3
Sources: Census of India 2011

Figure 3 shows that about half of the households had four or five members in their families, 30 per cent of rural households have six to eight members in their families, in urban households; it is limited to 25 per cent. 3 to 4 per cent households have a single member family in both the areas.

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Leading coconut producing states in India

Leading coconut producing states in India

Coconut is an important species mostly grown in humid tropical conditions. It is one of the main cash crop protecting millions of small and marginal farmers. In India Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh are the leading states in coconut farming. However, Kerala has a maximum area under coconut farming and contributing alone 31 per cent to total coconut production but Tamil Nadu has the highest per hectare nuts productivity. Tamil Nadu produced 13775 nuts per hectare where Kerala’s productivity was only 9664 nuts per hectare last year (2016-17).

Figure 1
Source: Horticulture Division, Dept. of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India.

The above figure 1 clearly indicates that Kerala has a maximum area under coconut farming with 770.79 thousand hectares followed by Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Majority of the area (84%) under coconut cultivation contribute by Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in India.

 

Figure 2
Source: Horticulture Division, Dept. of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India.Figure 2 shows (same as figure 1) that Kerala is leading coconut-producing state followed by Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Kerala alone producing more than 30 per cent of the total coconut production in India. Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu collectively contribute to about 87 per cent to total coconut production.

Coconut productivity per hectare has opted altogether a different phenomenon from coconut farming area and coconut production. Figure 3 shows Tamil Nadu is more productive from Kerala and Karnataka. Tamil Nadu producing more than 14 thousands nuts per hectare whereas Kerala and Karnataka producing 9664 and 13181 coconuts nuts per hectare respectively.

Figure 3
Source: Horticulture Division, Dept. of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India.

Even Gujrat and West Bengal have higher productivity nuts per hectare then Kerala. Gujrat and West Bengal subsequently producing 13775 and 12641 nuts per hector separately.

India’s huge domestic market has been the main consumer of coconut and coconut products. The domestic price of coconut oil has so far been higher than the international price. Therefore, India has not had any significant role in world trade. However, with the increase in the price of edible oils at the global level, the difference between the domestic and international price has been substantially reduced.

 

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Regional languages and changing trends of internet users

REGIONAL LANGUAGES AND CHANGING TRENDS OF INTERNET USERS

India is the home of 1.21 billion people (Census 2011), speaking 30 languages with 1600 dialects. It is the third largest country in-term of internet users in the world after USA and China. Internet users are growing with every passing second, extensive reach of Internet made it possible for India. As per KPMG in India’s analysis, April 2017, 78 per cent internet users accessing internet through their mobile phones. Despite these statistics, India still has the potential to perform exceptionally in the number of Internet users in the world. Standard language (English) to use internet holding the number of Internet users.

Language barrier 

Language is one of the prominent barriers that is restricting the number of internet users mainly from rural India. As per W3Techs estimation until September 2018, more than 53 per cent of the website’s homepages found in English and language ranked first. Whereas, the website available with Hindi homepage found a position at 39th place with 0.1 per cent.

Source: W3Techs.com

Language preference

As per KPMG in India’s analysis, April 2017, out of 521 million Hindi speakers 254 million users prefer the Hindi language over English to read, write and converse with each other. Other insight details of different languages illustrated in the figure given below.

Source: KPMG in India’s analysis, April 2017
*These 8 languages have been considered as Indian languages for the purpose of this report
** Indian languages users are Indian language literates who prefer their primary language over English to read, write and converse with each other

There were 110 million internet users in 2011 in India. Majority of internet users (62%) were using internet in the English language, there were only 38 per cent internet users using internet in different Indian languages. In the year 2016, the picture had changed, a number of internet users have grown to 409 million from 110 million in 2011. Internet users using internet in Indian languages subsequently grown to 57 per cent (234 million).

Source: KPMG in India’s analysis, April 2017

As per the report, Internet penetration in India expected to grow 52 per cent by 2021 and the number of internet users would be around 735 million. Out of total internet users in 2021, 73 per cent would be using it in Indian languages.

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Growing number of higher educational institute in India

Growing number of higher educational institute in India

Higher education has a significant role in the development of a country. Higher education and overall development have the reciprocal growth within them. Higher education is known as a focal point of knowledge and its application, an institution which makes a great contribution to the economic growth and development through fostering innovation and increasing higher skills.

Higher the number of higher educational institutes represent the sustainable economic growth in the country apart from knowledge, skills and increasing number of employable professionals.

India is a knowledge centre for higher education since the beginning. In the starting era, the Indian education system was revolving around ‘Gurukul system’, which was a residential educational system. Nalanda and Takshila were the two first places where modern style universities established around 6 BC.

In the starting of 1600 AD, European rulers brought major changes in the traditional higher education system. Several renowned universities have taken place in India during colonial age. The figure below shows growth in a number of universities during the 20th century after Independence.

Source: (1947-48 to 2000-01). University Grants Commission
*Universities from 1947-48 to 2000-01 includes Central, State, Private and Deemed-to-be Universities as also institutions of national importance established both by the Central and State Legislatures.

At the time of Independence, India has 20 universities and 496 colleges, which have grown subsequently to 266 universities and 11146 colleges at the end to the 20th century.  Up to the year 2017, there were more than 40 thousand colleges and 864 universities, which was highest in Indian educational history. In next year (2017-18), the number of colleges has reduced to 39 thousand due to deletion of unauthorized collages but the number of universities has increased again to 903 as per the AISHE report 2017-18.

Source: AISHE report 2017-18
*Number of colleges have reduced in the year 2017-18 due to deletion of all such colleges that have not registered even after getting the AISHE code.

 

Universities in India has further classification according to their accreditation status. As per the AISHE report, 2017-18, at present state public university (40%) has the maximum contribution followed by state private university (30%).  The share of Central Universities is limited to 5 per cent only.

Source: AISHE report 2017-18